Identifying my Personal Leadership Style Essay - 936 Words

PERSONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE Strengths Finder 2.0 Using the Strength Finders 2.0 Assessment, I was able to identify my personal strengths, which would identify my personal leadership skills. My strength assessment results where Harmony, Consistency, Empathy, Achiever, and Belief. This paper will identify each strength, how they relate to my leadership style and approach to leadership. The first strength identified is Harmony. Harmony is defined in the freedictionary.com as an agreement in a feeling or opinion (Dictionary, 2009). In Strength Finder 2.0 Harmony is describes as you look for areas of agreement, there is little to be gained by conflict and friction, so you seek to hold them at a minimum (Rath, Strengths Finders 2.0,†¦show more content†¦Consistency should be a big factor in nursing leadership, people should be evaluated on their work not by how they talk up to the boss. Another important factor of Consistency in the areas of leadership is when employees know what is expected of them they are able to be more productive. Consistency is a big strength in my leadership skills, I look at the work people do and how they treat others, then in how the suck up or show off. The third strength listed by Strengths Finder 2.0 is Empathy. Empathy is defined by thefreedictionary.com as the identification with and understanding of another’s feelings, and motives (Dictionary, 2009). Strengths Finder 2.0 describes Empathy: you can sense the emotions of those around you, you feel what they are feeling, you don’t necessarily agree with their perspective, and you don’t feel pity for the person’s perspective (Rath, Strengths Finder 2.0, 2007). Empathy is a good strength to have it makes you as an individual to be more open to what others are feeling, but with this their feelings can’t be a cause of conflict within the workplace. Empathy can be a good leadership skill to have especially in nursing being aware to what employees are feeling especially through a difficult time can help in how you approach the individual. For my personal leadership skills Empathy has helped me to identify when someone was having a difficult time and to help guideShow MoreRelatedPersonal Leadership : An Effective Leadership Style1644 Words   |  7 PagesPERSONAL LEADERSHIP PORTRAIT Developing an effective leadership style requires one to become aware of their strengths and weakness when operating in the role of a servant leader. Identifying personal preference can assist with better aligning expectations and goals that one would like to see demonstrated in those they lead. Taking on the role as a servant leader requires patience, understanding, and most importantly compassion for others. As a servant leader he or she should always considerRead MoreThe Importance Of A Co Creation Leadership878 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessary steps to foster a co-creation environment. Co-Creation Leadership Culture In the leadership culture, the leader and subordinate must be responsive to the needs of the company. As noted in Figure 1, the channel of communication is a powerful tool for the synthesis of information, problem solving and innovation. According to Ramaswamy and Chopra (2014), a co-creation leadership culture can be created in six steps that entail identifying the key stakeholders, create an environment that reflectsRead MoreLeadership Development : A Strategic Approach820 Words   |  4 PagesFuture Leadership Development Consequently, leadership development requires that organizations take a strategic approach such as coaching, training programs, mentoring, and/or virtual learning. 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A democratic leader is one whoRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Essay Is To Identify And Explain Key1314 Words   |  6 Page sexplain key learning overview and action plan paper will summarize what you have learned in this course and provide a power and politics action plan that you can use immediately in your business. Furthermore, it is the intention to highlight leadership style, organization stability, culture, and diversity of the workforce as well as identify the need for communication within an organization. The individual factors contributing to the political behavior in organizations include; the political natureRead MorePersonal Interpretations and Observations of Leadership Theories1697 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the course of this paper, I will the address the four leadership theories consisting of transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, situational leadership, and ethical leadership. It is my intent to not only identify the components of the different leadership theories, but to apply personal observations to the four theories and how I have observed their defined interactions in the workplace. Transformational Leadership Transformational leaders are able to see the â€Å"bigger picture†Read MoreA Theory Of Leadership Effectiveness972 Words   |  4 PagesFred Fiedler introduces the world Fiedler’s Contingency Theory in his â€Å"A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness† in 1967. According to Leadership centra.com, Fiedler’s contingency theory is one of the contingency theories that states that effective leadership depends not only on the style of leading but on the control over a situation. Fred Fiedler believes there are two types of leader; the first type of leader is task-oriented leader. A task-oriented leader is concerted on completing the job and

Jane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice Essay - 874 Words

Recipe for Happiness â€Å"A large income is the best recipe for happiness I ever heard of† (Austen). The bluntness of this quote fully encompasses the main theme of an advantageous marriage for the English novelist, Jane Austen. Her realism, biting irony and social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics (Southam). Austen’s major novels, including Pride and Prejudice, were composed between the years 1795-1815. During those twenty years England was at the height of its power facing many historical landmarks (Thomson). It is no coincidence that Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, coincides directly with the historical events of this time period. The most visible impact that is historically†¦show more content†¦Because of the family aspirations to gain wealth and social standing along with the need for financial survival, courtship was a central focus for women’s lives (Sheehan), shown through the pursuit of marriage for each of Mrs. Bennett’s daughters. However in the late eighteenth century the conception of women’s rights began to change. â€Å"In the language of Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, woman should be treated as the rational equals of men† (Wollstonecraft). Just as Wollstonecraft suggests, the idea of equality became more prominent and social conditions for women began to change during the late 1800’s. More educational opportunities were available to woman, but they were still considered weaker than men (Womens Suffrage Movement). All these historical commentaries were portrayed in Pride and Prejudice. Elizabeth Bennett was not financially independent due to the conflict of her father’s property and depended on marriage for this reason. However she also shows the conflicting transformations in women’s roles that occurred by asserting her intellectual and moral independence to Mr. Darcy during his first proposal. Although her financial and social desires desperately needed to be met, she denies his proposal and asserts that independence. She does the same to Mr. Collins despite securing her families inheritance. The Military. The Militia was another form of social class in the 1800’s.Show MoreRelated Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice: Novel and Movie Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesJane Austens Pride and Prejudice: Novel and Movie Pride and Prejudice, the novel by Jane Austen, and Sense and Sensibility, the movie based on the novel by Austen, share many striking similarities. These similarities lie in the characters, plots and subplots between these characters, the settings, and the overall style and themes used in creating the two works. Jane Austen uses extremely similar characters in almost the exact same situation in Pride and Prejudice and Sense and SensibilityRead MoreThe Character of Elizabeth Bennet in Jane Austens Novel Pride and Prejudice1705 Words   |  7 PagesThe Character of Elizabeth Bennet in Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice The man plot of Austens novel Pride and Prejudice revolves around Elizabeth (or Lizzy) Bennet, who belongs to a family of five sisters, and her relationship with eligible bachelor Mr Darcy. However, Pride and Prejudice is a very complex novel, with many different subplots going on. One of these is the relationship between Elizas older sister Jane, and Bingley, Darcys friend. 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Austen focuses greatly on the class system and lack of social mobility allowed in England during this period (the Napoleonic Wars, 1797-1815) and the pride and prejudice that these social divides reveal, as well as the personal pride a nd prejudice shown by individual charactersRead MoreWrite a Critical Analysis of Jane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice, Paying Special Attention to Family Politics. Comment on the Elizabeth – Darcy Relationship. What Makes Elizabeth and Darcy Different from All Other Characters in the Novel?909 Words   |  4 Pagescritical analysis of Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, paying special attention to family politics. Comment on the Elizabeth – Darcy relationship. What makes Elizabeth and Darcy different from all other characters in the novel? Student: Daniela Gospodinova In the 19th century in England, when Jane Austen writes, the marriage is something that every young woman wants - to marry a single, wealthy men, showing both joy and gratitude. In the beginning of the novel, the opening sentenceRead MoreEssay on Jane Austen Novels: Success After Death1679 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen Novels: Success after Death Chuck Leddy, a notable critic, stated Upon her death in 1817, English novelist Jane Austen was completely unknown in the literary world. Why would someone as brilliant as Jane Austen not be world known? By 1817, Austen had already published one of her masterpieces Sense and Sensibility, and it seemed to not bring in as much success as it would later on in life. But the dry spell would eventually end. Two hundred years after Jane Austens death, her booksRead MoreJane Austen and Her Feminism1158 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen and Her Feminism ---analyzing of feminism revealed in Pride and Prejudice Introduction It is universally acknowledged that Jane Austen was a major woman novelist in English; but it is also a truth that almost as universally ignored that Jane Austen was a feminist. By intensively reading her six novels (Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Northanger Abbey, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion) and studying feminism, I have found some significant and fresh thingsRead MoreThe Influence of Regency England in Pride and Prejudice1604 Words   |  7 PagesHenry Fielding noted in his novel, Joseph Andrews, that the class-conscious population continued to feel that even â€Å"the least familiarity [with those below in social rank was] a degradation† (137). One of Regency England’s most beloved writers, Jane Austen, continued the tradition of casting literature as a reflection of contemporary society’s biases. Her novels brim with indicators of Regency England’s preconceptions. The characters in Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, seek economic security throughRead MoreNorthanger Abbey as a Precursor to Pride and Prejudice Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen’s Northanger Abbey is frequently described as a novel about reading—reading novels and reading people—while Pride and Prejudice is said to be a story about love, about two people overcoming their own pride and prejudices to realize their feelings for each other. If Pride and Prejudice is indeed about how two stubborn youth have misjudged each other, then why is it that this novel is so infrequently viewed to be connected to Austen’s original novel about misjudgment and reading one’s fellowsRead MoreComparative Study: Letters to Alice and Pride and Prejudice1502 Words   |  7 Pagesportrayed in Pride and Prejudice are creatively reshaped in Letters to Alice. The two texts, Letters to Alice and Pride and Prejudice, mirror and contrast the central values shared and explored by evaluating them; presenting them against Jane Austens context and that of Fay Weldon. Mirroring Austens novel, Weldon presents the central values for women such as the social values of moral behaviour, independence, and, literary values of reading and writing, from Pride and Prejudice and adapts them

How far were divisions among its opponents responsible free essay sample

How far were divisions among its opponents responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule in the years 1881 1905? Internal and external divisions amongst opposing political groups of the Tsar were important and somewhat responsible to the survival of Tsarist Russia. However, other factors such as religion and repression were also effective in keeping the Tsar in a state of power. On the one hand, one of the main reasons why divisions among its opponents were responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule was due to external divisions involving all opposing political parties. This was because the parties did not work together as they were all divided in their aims and methods in order to achieve different targets. None realised that by working together they would have a greater impact on the current political standing of Russia. The main external divisions involved the Constitutional Democrat (Kadets) and the Social Revolutionary (Socialist) parties. Both of these parties had their own separate beliefs on what Russia needed and how in which it should change, yet due to the differing opinions they refused to work together to solve this. The Social Revolutionaries believed that the future of Russia was down to the peasants and the working class so they wanted to give the peasants their own land as well as improve living conditions for the working class. The assassination of Tsar Alexander II and acts of terrorism were among their tactics however, the Constitutional Democrats were against these acts of violence. They were the most moderate party and believed in votes and discussions as a way to express their views and opinions. They wanted to bolish autocracy and have the power shared amongst a democratic government. The parties also had different support groups as the Social Revolutionaries were aimed at and were very popular with the peasants whereas the Constitutional Democrats were more focused at the middle class and mainly those with professions such as a lawyer, doctor or merchant. This was partly responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule as although there were some similarities in the aims and objectives of the parties, the major differences in methods and tactics meant that singularly each roup didnt have the strength to achieve their goals and even though some tactics they had in common, it wasnt enough as they refused to work together to provide more force in their campaigns. This meant that opposition against the Tsarists rule was weakened to quite a great extent and this would have benefited the Tsar significantly as the parties could not contribute together. A further reason why divisions among its opponents were responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule was due to internal factors within the parties themselves. The most prominent example of this would be the internal division within the Social Democrat party which caused them to split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks when discussing party membership. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin who won the debate, consisted of the majority of the party and Lenin suggested that only people dedicated to the main objective was to create a small revolutionary elite in order to combat the Tsar and so as not to be discovered by the secret police. The Mensheviks, led by Martov, rgued that the party should be open to anyone who accepted the objectives of the party and was willing to follow instructions from the leaders. This disagreement was based on different beliefs regarding the role of the party. Lenin and his supporters believed that the party should be one prepared to seize power as soon as possible whereas for Martov and his supporters, they believed the main purpose was to spread propaganda and increase awareness about the working class or proletariat. He failed to believe that Russia was ready for a revolution any time soon. Over the ollowing years the division become permanent and they eventually grew into separate political parties and, of them both, the secret police regarded the Mensheviks as the most threatening because they encouraged a working class discontent. As the working class made up about 80-90% of the Russian population at this time, unhappiness among them would cause the greatest uprising and the most difficult to control. This was partly responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule because it meant that the parties themselves (especially the Social Democrats) would not be trong enough to have any significant impact on affecting the Tsars rule. If they couldnt even function amongst themselves then they wouldnt be able to communicate and work together enough to challenge the Tsar and his power. This meant that opposition against the Tsarists rule was again weakened to some extent and this would have benefited the Tsar greatly. On the other hand, key reasons responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule were due to other factors such as religion. The Orthodox Church was very important to Russians and most extremely religious. By preaching blind obedience to God, it encouraged blind obedience to social superiors including the Tsars and as the Tsar was a monarch with complete autocratic control and was brought up into the Romanov dynasty, many believed that it was the Tsars God-given birthright to rule, and by total authority. Due to this, it was seen to be going against God himself and His choices by opposing to the Tsar. However, having said this, many also believed that God had turned His back on the Tsars due to the Khodynka Tragedy. It was a human stampede that occurred on 30th May 1896 on Khodynka Field, Moscow where hundreds were killed in the festivities following the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II, which led to the deaths of 1,389 people. This was partly responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule because Russian people would see it as going against God by going against the Tsar and for most it was seem an impossible thing to do. This could be described as deference to the Tsar and although some may not agree to it, defying God would be to commit a crime much worse due to how important the Orthodox Church was in society. A further reason responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule was due to repression against many Russian people. This included factors such as the army and the Okhrana in order to keep any political opponents or general opponents down and without a chance of success. The Okhrana are known as the Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order and were the secret police for the Tsar. It was formed to combat political terrorism and revolutionary uprising or activity and did this through many ways, the most common being violence. This created fear amongst the peasants as well as the which was a prison labour camp. Due to this, it prevented many Russian people from acting against the Tsar or Joining any political opposition groups and in this way it was partly responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule. However, having said this, many peasants at this time believed that had nothing to lose so for them this was an incentive to try make a difference while they could and stand up to the Tsar and what he stood for. This dramatically increased the number of supporters for the Social Revolutionary party. In conclusion, both internal and external division among political opponents were responsible for the survival of Tsarist rule in the years 1881 1905 more than other factors, and external division was slightly more important as it prevented the parties from working together to provide a united and unstoppable force against the Tsar. Much more could have been achieved from the collaboration of all political parties as they would have provided more strength to each other. This is eventually realised, which creates a significant impact to Russian politics after 1905.

Reflection Essay #1 free essay sample

Introduction: The two topics I have chosen for my reflection paper are â€Å"The Authority of the Bible† and â€Å"Faith in God†. I have chosen these two topics because for me they are perhaps the two most important topics that we have discussed so far. What I will attempt to provide in this paper are my personal life experiences and beliefs in regard to my faith in God and the authority of the Bible while reinforcing these personal beliefs with scripture as well as from material that we have read in class. Faith in God: Have you ever been going through a hard time and had someone say to you â€Å"everything will be fine, all you have to do is have faith. † I know this has happened to me more times than I can even begin to count. And more times than not when I was younger I would simply nod my head and think â€Å"yeah right, what does that even mean anyway, have faith? † Well, that’s a great question, because I feel that faith can have a multitude of different meanings. However, the meaning that I want to focus on is bars none the most important kind of faith we can ever experience; and that is of course faith in God. Growing up I never knew much about being a Christian or the importance of having faith in God. In fact, the argument could be easily made that I was an atheist. Don’t get me wrong, it wasn’t that the Christian religion wasn’t introduced to me a time or ten as I was growing up. No, actually just the opposite was the case, I can recall being forced to go to church on Sunday morning, Sunday night, and on Wednesday evenings for Bible study. However I was going for all the wrong reasons; I was going because I was being made to go rather than because I wanted to go. In making me attend church in this manner as a youth I developed a rebellious attitude and/or resentment towards everything that was being said by the pastor. In other words, I as a child had heard the words that were being preached but, I chose to rebel rather than believe. You’re probably wondering why I am sharing these childhood experiences with you. I’m sharing them because I believe that once you the reader have an understanding of how unlikely it was for someone like me to have â€Å"faith in God† that perhaps you will be able to better understand why I feel the way I do today about the subject of faith. Today I feel that faith in God is essential in living life to glorify God and essential for salvation. It is the key between simply existing or living life to its fullest. It is the driving force that pushes me to believe in things that would otherwise be unbelievable. It is through my faith in God that I am able to claim victory in all situations that I am encountered with in this world. So how does a person go from atheist to devout believer in the power of faith? I’m sure that answer would vary from person to person. But for me it was through the saving grace of God that I was able to have faith in God. It wasn’t until I was able to believe that I could be (or was worthy of being) loved that I could begin to understand faith in God. However, once I allowed God to enter my heart that all of my previous conceptions about faith would be changed forever. I associate this time era in my life to the scripture we discussed last week (1 Corinthians 13:11) â€Å"When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put the ways of childhood behind me. † Meaning for me that my life before God’s grace I was foolish like a child whereas afterwards (after God’s grace) I was able to begin growing as an adult and learning adult (Godly) things. The Bible has 61 different verses about â€Å"faith in God† (www. openbible 2014). Some of which tie perfectly into my understanding and beliefs of what faith in God is. Verses such as Hebrews 11:1-6, Romans 1:17, Romans 10:17, and Ephesians 2:8 are all wonderful references that God has given us to better understand faith. But there are other places that give great insight to faith as well. Take for example the quote that is provided in our Praxis book on page 9 by Westminster Shorter Catechism â€Å"Question: What is faith in Jesus Christ? Answer: Faith in Jesus Christ is a saving grace, whereby we receive and rest upon him alone for salvation, as he is offered to us in the gospel. † For me this really hit the mark and fit perfectly for explaining how I feel about faith in God. The Authority of the Bible: So how would someone go about validating the authority of the bible? After all there are several different books from several different religions out there that also claim to have been God inspired. So with that being known what means would be best to show without question that the Bible is in fact the one and only true word of God? I suppose I could use archaeology to show the historical evidence that has been discovered over the years that strongly supports what we are told in the Bible. Archaeological finds like the Dead Sea Scrolls that were discovered at Khirbet Qumran in the West Bank that contained a collection of 972 ancient texts. 225 of which are Biblical texts. The great importance of the Dead Sea scrolls is unimaginable due to their historical, religious, and linguistic contributions because they include the earliest known surviving manuscripts of works that would later be included in the Hebrew Bible canon (OT). These manuscripts have been dated to various ranges between 408 BCE and 318 CE and yet when scholar’s compared our modern text to this earlier text it revealed the remarkable accuracy to which the scribes copied the sacred texts. However, while I feel that archaeological finds like this and others like it are of immense value and significance and make a very impressive argument for my case, I don’t feel that they alone hold to key to the point I am attempting to make. So, if history isn’t the method I want to use show the authority of the Bible how about I attempt to use science to prove my case? There are many out there that would argue that the Bible is not a book of science and that it’s primarily purpose is that of inspiration or guidance. However, I would argue that they are (in a word) wrong. As a matter of fact I would go one further and show that the Bible actually has several places in it that revealed scientific facts long before they were scientifically discovered to be fact by mankind. Perhaps one of my favorite examples of this would be the fact that the earth is in fact round. Most people when they think about the discovery of the earth being round think of famous explorer Christopher Columbus who would have to all but beg fellow seamen to sail with him because they were terrified that one day Columbus would accidently sail off the face of the earth. During that time era using the scientific facts as they were known at the time people believed whole heartedly that the earth was flat and that at its edges was great water falls that led to an unknown watery abyss. However, the Bible clearly contradicted this fallacy in Isaiah 40:22 â€Å"He sits enthroned above the circle of the earth, and its people are like grasshoppers. He stretches out the heavens like a canopy, and spreads them out like a tent to live in. † (Note â€Å"circle of the earth† was made bold to show emphasis) Now let’s stop for a second and remember back to the dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls of which the book of Isaiah was included â€Å"ranges between 408 BCE and 318 CE†. That’s hundreds upon hundreds of years before 1492 when the people of the time swore that the earth was flat. Another good example of science in the Bible can be found in Job 26:7 â€Å"He spreads out the northern skies over empty space; he suspends the earth over nothing. † Surely the people of Isaiah’s time didn’t believe that the planet earth just floated in space attached to nothing. No, of course not, this was long before the age of modern astronomy. So â€Å"how then† you might ask could Job have known to write such a thing. Well, I personally think that the answer to that question as well as many others should be pretty obvious by now. But, just in case I still haven’t made clear my case as to why I believe in the authority of the Bible yet I will continue probing alternate means of determining the Bibles authority. Well, if I’m not going to use archaeology or science as a sole means to validate the Bibles authority then what’s left? How about prophecy? Did you know that the Bible has over twenty-five hundred prophecy’s recorded within its pages? And that of that twenty-five hundred approximately two thousand of them have already come to perfect fruition. I would add that while there are other books out there that have made predictions about the future none have done so with perfection such as the Bible. As a matter of fact the Holy Bible is the only book known to man that can boast such a high percentage of perfectly fulfilled prophecy. But even this, as impressive as it is doesn’t give the authority to the Bible that I feel it truly deserves. No, in all honesty, I would have to say that when it comes to addressing the true and absolute authority of the Bible there can only be one place that that kind of authority could possibly come from†¦. That’s right you guessed it, that kind of authority can only come from God. So why do I personally feel that the Bible has undeniable authority? Because God says it does. And that’s all the reason I need. Conclusion: So in closing I believe that one thing should be noted about both topics that I have written about here today, and that is that no matter what the topic of discussion might be, be it faith in God or the authority if the Bible; only God is worthy and capable of having total authority. Take faith for example, while I could give you all the reasons in the world why you should have faith in God I can’t actually give you that faith, nor can you obtain faith on your own. Only through God can anyone have faith in God. Evidence of this can be seen in Eph. 2:8 â€Å"For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God†. In other words when all is said and done only God has total authority.

Saudi Arabian Culture Essay Example

Saudi Arabian Culture Paper Culture can be defined by the set of value, beliefs, rules, and institutions held by a specific group of people (Wild et al, 2009, p50). It also can be simply understood by a large group of people who have a shared knowledge system. It can also be said that culture is learned, interrelated, shared by all and defines boundaries (Hall, 1977, p 16). In this case, the Saudi Arabian culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam and its laws set out by the Koran. Islam has very strict guidelines that need to be understood and followed by all in Saudi Arabia and these guidelines is what makes Saudi Arabian culture and tradition. For businesses this means being able to know what is acceptable and legal. For example companies would need to know that all pork products are banned, as well as all alcohol and all religious books and artifacts not relating to Islam (Iexplore, 2010). Saudi Arabian culture and tradition is one that is based highly on conservatism and living their lives exactly to how the Koran sets it out. This is one country that does not bow down to Westernisation and the western way of thinking and international companies would need to take this into consideration when advertising new products or opening new offices. We will write a custom essay sample on Saudi Arabian Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Saudi Arabian Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Saudi Arabian Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Saudi Arabia has a very strict dress code for women especially. Women must wear a Hijab and a full covering dress which is ankle-length because of Islamic law. Wearing clothes that are seen to be exposing a lot of skin is offensive to their religion and culture. Not only is the dress code made because of their religion, it also plays a practical role. Since Saudi Arabia has a desert climate, wearing revealing clothing all the time would leave you open to the harsh sun and sand. By wearing long flowing outfits, it protects the skin and keeps you cool. When businesses decide to move into Saudi Arabia, this dress code is something that would need to be considered highly because foreign clothes are not tolerated especially for any female employees. Women in Saudi Arabia make up about 10% of the workforce. Women in Saudi Arabia are preferred to be homemakers by society and their husbands and it is rare that they are educated or encouraged to work. If a company was to send a female employee into Saudi Arabia, other companies would be hesitant to do business with her. It would be much more desirable for the female employee to be accompanied by a man. As this is part of their business culture, sending female employees into Saudi Arabia isnt always seen as the best option, Having an understanding of Saudi Arabian business etiquette and personal manner is essential to success. The concept of time in Saudi Arabia is different than Western cultures. The Saudi working week begins on Saturday and ends on Wednesday. Thursday and Friday are the official weekend and days of rest. Office hours tend to be 9:00am-1:00pm and 4:00pm-8:00pm (Butler, 2007). When arranging meetings it is often acceptable to be a little late as arriving in a timely manner is not an issue. It is also useful to know that Saudis enjoy mixing business with pleasure. It is not uncommon for a business meeting to have a lot of small chit chat and friendly conversation rather than all business. But be careful to avoid topics such as religion, politics and women. When opening a business in Saudi Arabia it is also necessary to take into account their religious culture because this affects their day to day life. Companies must allow for prayer times which occur five times a day. They must also offer a place where Saudis can practice this.

Behavior change theory

Behavior change theory Introduction According to the article, behavioral change is very vital in the development of good health and productive outcomes. Application of behavior change theory aids in inducing change of behavior among health workers. Essentially, the application of behavior change theory depends on factors such as changing multiple behaviors and medical adherence of individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Behavior change theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The implementation of evidence-based practices in changing the behavior of health workers is a complex task, as it depends on the ability of individuals to change their behaviors and the type of approach used. Application of behavior change theory is effective if an organization employs interventions that have their basis on past behavioral outcomes. Hence, the essay examines the validity of behavior change theory on healthcare centers, organizations, and society. Findings of the Study The study found out that the behavior change theory informs principles of positive behavior change and gives positive outcomes, which are not possible in practices that do not entail application of the theory in undertaking behavioral change programs among healthcare workers. In addition, the study established that application of designed interventions is effective when compared to the application of theoretical concepts. According to Cane, O’Connor, and Michie (2010), the application of behavior change practices greatly depends on the level of application and willingness of individuals to change their behavior. The study also revealed that some organizations do not apply the theory of behavior change effectively. For example, a study of 235 development implementation studies revealed that only 22.5% used the theories effectively (Cane, O’Connor, Michie, 2010). Hence, the findings refined and enhanced effectiveness of theoretical domain framewor k in assessing behaviors of healthcare workers. Importance of the Findings from the Study Despite poor application of the theories by some organizations, other research studies and organizations have successfully employed the theories and frameworks provided by the study. The study adopted theoretical domain framework and applied behavior change theory in healthcare systems.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the study applied behaviour change theory in elucidating how healthcare centers utilize theoretical domain framework in inducing positive behavior change among healthcare workers and the general population. For instance, in Denmark, UK, and Australia the research team applied the frameworks of behavior change theory to identify factors that facilitate or prevent successful implementation of behavior change programs. Additionally, in Australia, healthcare centers identified bottlenecks and facilitated application evidence-based principles in assessing causes of acute pains in the waist or lower back pains, and eventually gave informed solutions about the problems. Therefore, the findings from the study are very instrumental in the implementation of positive behavior change among individuals in both the healthcare centers and the society. Research Instruments, Design, and Participants The research instruments that the study employed are the questionnaires, both open and closed. Descriptive survey is the research design of the study as it entails administration of surveys among eligible participants. The eligible participants were individuals who are conversant with behavior change theory and are available in journal databases that are online. The selection was through email invitations using a membership invitation list. Out of the 101 invitations, 37 participants managed to complete the assigned tasks (19 open sort tasks and 18 closed sort tasks). Strengths and Weaknesses The strength of the study lies in the framework it employed, which is the theoretical domain framework. The framework uses a number of procedures that identify domains, establish the content of domains, and finalize the domain labels to achieve a refined framework of domains. These procedures are fundamental as they enhance internal validity of the results, which are helpful in the implementation of behavior change interventions in healthcare centers and other organizations. However, the study portrays a weakness as it only lays its attention on those respondents who understand the theory of behavior change. Thus, it implies that the study does not consider the views of potential respondents who do not have an understanding of the theory. Moreover, the study did not balance gender (27 women and 10 men), which compounds the outcome of the study. Hence, the method employed in the selection of participants makes the findings have low external validity.A dvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Behavior change theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference Cane, J., O’Connor, D., Michie, S. (2010). Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behavior change and implementation research. Implementation Science, 7(37), 1-17.

Prediction of Stall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Prediction of Stall - Essay Example The phenomenon of stall is shown in the figure below:- Stall occur due to a number of reasons and can thus be divided into a number of types1 like power off stalls (also called approach-to-landing stalls, practiced by pilots to simulate normal approach-to-landing conditions and configuration), Power-on stalls (also known as departure stalls, practiced by pilots to simulate takeoff and climb-out conditions) and Accelerated stalls (experienced at higher-than normal airspeeds due to applying abrupt or excessive controls to aircraft and may occur in steep turns, pullups or other abrupt changes in your flight path.). Many aircraft in Flight Sim use a stall indicator to alert you when the airflow over the wing(s) approaches a point that lift cannot be sustained. The stall indicator is part of aircraft for a reason so no one should ignore it. Setup a numerical optimization procedure that can be useful to the aerodynamicist in the rapid design and development of high-lift system configurations and that can also provide derivative information regarding the influence of various design parameters (gap, overlap, slat and flap deflection angles, etc.) on the performance of the system. The variables that describe the relative elem... His aircraft experiences buffeting, uncontrollable pitching or vibrations that begin just before the stall occurs. Many aircraft in Flight Sim use a stall indicator to alert you when the airflow over the wing(s) approaches a point that lift cannot be sustained. The stall indicator is part of aircraft for a reason so no one should ignore it. Design Procedure The design calculation is an important procedure that solves two purposes as under:- Improve the take-off and landing performance of existing high-lift systems using an adjoint formulation. Setup a numerical optimization procedure that can be useful to the aerodynamicist in the rapid design and development of high-lift system configurations and that can also provide derivative information regarding the influence of various design parameters (gap, overlap, slat and flap deflection angles, etc.) on the performance of the system. Flow diagram of the above procedure is depicted as under:- Figure 3: Flow diagram of the design calculation procedure The variables that describe the relative element positioning can be used as design variables. These variables include flap and slat deflection angles, gaps, overlap, shapes of each of the elements and many more depending on method used2. Like in Continuous Adjoint Method, variables are flow-field variables and the physical location of the boundary. Then the governing equation which expresses the dependence of these variables can be written in flow field domain in form of partial differential equations. After introducing a Lagrange Multiplier and solving adjoint equations and applying boundary conditions we get gradient equation3. An active transparent stall control system utilizing sensors, actuators, and a closed-loop controller was designed and tested on a NACA 0020

The Need to Establish a Film Industry in Sierra Leone Term Paper

The Need to Establish a Film Industry in Sierra Leone - Term Paper Example Further, schools and colleges were encouraged to join the industry through events such as National Art Festivals. However, all these were dropped at some point. The film has been dragging along without proper regulation and no empowerment at all. Consequently, local Sierra Leoneans can now only produce poor quality films which cannot make it to the international platforms. No wonder, only foreign films shot in Sierra Leone make it to the international level. However, it is worth noting that the spirit to revive the industry is alive. What needs to be done is to set up necessary mechanism such as film schools to empower the industry into producing quality products. Rationale For many in the West, Sierra Leone remains the land of blood diamonds and drugged-up child soldiers, even though the country has been at peace for almost a decade. The film â€Å"Blood Diamond† was the one that installed the image for many overseas. At a time when Sierra Leone was desperately looking to reb rand itself, the film scared off tourists and drove away investors. Now, we will aim to erase that image with the establishment of the new film school. The President of Sierra Leone stressed that the film industry will tell a new story of peace, democracy, humanity, and determined to progress in many areas of human endeavors. Sierra Leone’s first ever film and acting school, IDF Film School, will be established by the Director of Institut de Francais, Ahmed K. Mansaray who also doubles as a movie executive producer and director.

Educational Implications of Socioeconomic Status Matrix Essay

Educational Implications of Socioeconomic Status Matrix - Essay Example If someone with unemployed or working class parents enters the school system at an academic level behind those of other students (through no fault of their own or their parents), they will find it difficult to move up a track in the current system. This is not only because teachers will have lower expectations of this individual due to their socioeconomic class, but because the curriculum currently focuses predominantly on those in the upper echelons of society without providing insight into movement between classes or the importance of the working class throughout history. All of these factors combined will ensure that most students in the lower classes will remain unmotivated and unenthused by the education system and find it difficult to engage their intellectual capacity (Gollnick & Chinn, 2005, p71). Conversely, the upper-middle and upper classes flourish under the current education system. Not only does their economic status allow students from these backgrounds to attend expen sive private schools which generally have better equipment (and better paid staff who may be more enthusiastic due to this benefit), but their social status encourages these students to attain the best academic achievements. High teacher (and parental) expectations will push students into the higher academic tracks, allowing them to attain results that will push them towards the jobs held by their parents – teachers, lawyers, doctors, academics and high-powered businessmen (Gollnick & Chinn, 2005, p64). This seems unfair when compared with the fate of the lower classes as discussed above, who may have the same intellectual capacity and perhaps even outperform some of their upper-middle or upper class schoolmates, but suffer from an educational inequality. Race also plays a part in educational equality (Gollnick & Chinn, 2005, p67) Those who are members of oppressed groups are found in higher numbers in the unemployed, homeless or working class groups. Combined with the factor s mentioned above, these groups are often underrepresented in class materials, again meaning that these groups will engage less with the curriculum. White able-bodied males, who occupy a higher proportion of the upper-middle and upper classes, are overrepresented in class materials and thus may feel encouraged to perform. There has not been much discussion of gender in the text, but it can be assumed that often classroom materials focus on the history and experiences of the male gender and this is an inequality that also needs to be addressed. References Gollnick, D. M., & Chinn, P. C. (2005). Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society & Exploring Diversity Package (7th ed.). Prentice

Role of Institutions in Policy Making

Role of Institutions in Policy Making INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of institutions in influencing policy outcomes. First part of the paper provides a brief introduction to the study of institutions in political science. This is followed by description of factors influencing policy outcomes. Final part of the paper looks at the limitations of institutions, which pose additional constraints on policy outcomes. INSTITUTIONS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE The study of institutions is central to the subject matter of political science and, to an even greater extent, public administration. According to Lowndes (1996:181), â€Å"focus upon institutional arrangements for the delivery of public services is generally held to be defining of the sub-discipline of public administration†. March and Olsen (1984) argue that social, political, and economic institutions have recently become larger, more complex and resourceful, and therefore more important to collective life. According to them, attention to political institutions has increased in the literature on legislatures, budgets, public policymaking, local government and political elites. According to Scharpf (1989), much of comparative political science research may be characterised as an attempt to explain and predict the influence of political institutions on the choice of public policy. INFLUENCING POLICY OUTCOMES SETTING NORMS IN DECISION MAKING March and Olsen (1984,1989) see institutions as providing order in political life. Institutions increase capability by reducing comprehensiveness. Institutions express norms of decision-making and behaviour, providing a logic of appropriateness. Rules produce variation and deviation as well as conformity and standardisation. Institutions generally change in an incremental way through responding to environmental signals. AFFECTING POLICY OUTCOMES Institutions are often seen as â€Å"set of factors affecting the interactions between policy actors and hence the greater or lesser capacity of policy-making systems to adopt and implement effective responses to policy problems (Scharpf 2000:764)†. According to Gorges (2001), the European Commission and other EC institutions played a significant role in social policy-making. The European Commission sought to increase both its policy domain and its legitimacy, continually insisting that it would not abdicate its power to initiate policy. Although it is actors that are the proximate causes of policy responses, institutional conditions, to the extent that they are able to influence actor choices, are seen as remote causes. Actors are strongly influenced by the institutional rules to which they owe their existence and by institutional and cultural norms that define the criteria of their success or failure (Scharpf 2000). According to Scharpf (2000:770), â€Å"in sociological ins titutionalism, institutions are defined very broadly so as to include not only externally imposed and sanctioned rules but also unquestioned routines and standard operating procedures and, more important, socially constructed and culturally taken-for-granted worldviews and shared normative notions of appropriateness. In that view, therefore, institutions will define not only what actors can do but also their perceptions and preferences—and thus what they will want to do. Institutions constrain, but do not completely determine, policy choices (Scharpf 1989). Certain policy options are unlikely to be chosen under certain institutional conditions. According to Scharpf (1989), policy choices are simultaneously influenced by at least four sets of factors, institutional, situational, preferential and perceptional. Institutional rules will affect policy by restricting options, constituting actor constellations, regulating their modes of interaction and by structuring the incentives of the participating actors (Scharpf 2000). Institutions are imposing substantive prohibitions to policy outcomes. Countries differ in the range of institutionally permissible policy options and there is an increasing tightness of international legal constraints. For example, the power of governments to determine wages and working time was routinely exercised by most countries but is ruled out in Germany. Moreover, the tight control of capital transfers and the highly discriminatory regulation of credit markets that facilitated the success of macroeconomic full-employment strategies in Sweden until the mid-1980s would now be ruled out by EU directives liberalising capital markets and financial services. The rules of negative integration, in particular European competition law, have become a major constraint on all ec onomic policy options that could be construed as inhibiting or distorting free competition in the markets of EU member states. Institutional rules also define the constellations of actors that may participate in the adoption and implementation of policy responses and their permissible modes of interaction, which could be classified as mutual adjustment, negotiated agreement, voting, or hierarchical direction. Although most policy choices result from multi-actor interactions, some countries whose political institutions approximate the ideal Westminster model have the option of treating any major policy problem in a single- actor constellation. Here, all relevant policy choices are potentially determined by the preferences and perceptions prevailing in a unified action center. Hierarchical direction becomes an institutionally available mode of interaction, as exemplified in Britain, New Zealand, and possibly France. In rational-choice institutionalism, incentives are defined by refere nce to the self-interest of the corporate and collective actors involved in the policy process, for example, governments, political parties, central banks, labor unions, their subunits, or the individuals acting for them. In single-actor systems, the incentives that have the most direct effect on policy choices are constituted by the mechanisms of political accountability. In multi-actor systems, accountability is weakened and policy outcomes are more affected by incentives favoring cooperation or conflict between the veto actors. CRITICAL JUNCTURES AND DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS Ikenberry (1994) characterises political development as involving critical junctures and developmental pathways. According to the first principle, different founding moments of institutional formation send countries along broadly different developmental paths. The second principle suggests that institutions continue to evolve in response to changing environmental conditions and ongoing political maneuvering but in ways that are constrained by past trajectories. According to Thelen (1999), where state-builders faced geopolitical competition early, they were forced into greater concessions to the financiers, merchants, and administrators who financed and staffed the bureaucracy, resulting in patrimonial systems. Where rulers confronted geopolitical pressures later, they found themselves in a quite different world, where developments in education and finance made these side payments unnecessary, resulting in greater bureaucratic autonomy. Over time, some avenues of policy become increas ingly blocked, if not entirely cut off, as decisions at one point in time can restrict future possibilities by sending policy off onto particular tracks (Thelen 1999). DIFFERENT THEORETICAL APPROACHES Although it is generally accepted that challenges to which policy actors may have to respond are influenced by the institutional setting, the dominant strands of current institutionalist theorising, rational-choice institutionalism and sociological institutionalism, differ in their conceptualisation of these influences (Scharpf 2000). LIMITATIONS Institutions have limitations which have a significant effect on policy outcomes. These limitations are focus on structures and efficiency, focus on stability, political manipulation and policy networking. FOCUS ON STRUCTURES AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY It has been argued that compliance with structures and practices often becomes more important than its actual efficacy (Lowndes 1996). According to DiMaggio and Powell (1991), it is the demand for similarity of structure and functioning, rather than for increased efficiency, that drives organisational change. According to Thelen (1999), the institutional approach begins with the observation that markets, embedded in political and social institutions, are the creation of governments and politics. The main purpose and effect of institutions are often seen as economising on fraction costs. Lowndes (1996:186) describes institutions as â€Å"efficient organisational frameworks, which arise to solve problems of complex economic exchange†. The critics of the new institutional economics, however, object to the proposal that a universal economic logic determines the choice of institutional systems, regardless of culture and circumstance or power and politics (Lowndes 1996). FOCUS ON STABILITY North (1990) stresses stability rather than efficiency as the economic rationale for institutions, arguing that technically inefficient institutions persist because they contribute to stability and harmony in interaction and because they are deeply embedded in culture and tradition. According to historical institutionalism, institutions do more than channel policy and structure political conflict. Thelen (1999) claims that institutions are socially constructed in the sense that they embody shared cultural understandings of the way the world works. This means that even when policy makers set out to redesign institutions, they are constrained in what they can conceive of by these embedded, cultural constraints. For example, the evolution of Japanese security policy shows how collectively held norms define appropriate conduct, shape actor identities, and influence actor interests, and in doing so, inform how political actors define what they want to accomplish (Thelen 1999). Pearson (20 00) claims that path dependence can be used to explain the analysis of European party systems, labor incorporation in Latin America, the outcome of state-building processes in Europe, and the comparative development of health care systems. According to Thelen (1999), the problem with this approach is that dominant cultural norms emerge out of concrete political conflicts, in which different groups fight over which norms will prevail. Dominant policy paradigms can and do shift at times and organisational fields are often imposed by powerful actors. According to Stinchcombe (1997), it is legitimacy and not automaticity that explains why people follow scripts in the first place. Furthermore, the entrenchments of certain institutional arrangements obstruct an easy reversal of the initial choice (Pearson 2000). The conception of path dependence, in which preceding steps in a particular direction induce further movement in the same direction, is well captured by the idea of increasing returns. In an increasing returns process, the probability of further steps along the same path increases with each move down that path because of the costs associated with exit or change. According to North (1990), institutions induce self-rei nforcing processes that make reversals of course increasingly unattractive over time. This, according to Arthur (1994) leads to unpredictability, inflexibility, nonergodicity and potential path inefficiency. POLITICAL MANIPULATION In politics, institutional constraints are ubiquitous (Pierson 2000). Politics involves struggles over the authority to establish, enforce and change the rules governing social action in a particular territory. According to Gorges (2001), the institutional change could be influenced by material and ideal incentives the policy entrepreneurs provide. Furthermore, change is most likely when there is an increase in the effectiveness of individuals seeking change and a decrease in the blocking power of individuals whose interests are served by the current institutional arrangements. Institutions are not neutral coordinating mechanisms but in fact reflect, and also reproduce and magnify, particular patterns of power distribution in politics (Thelen 1999). Thus, political arrangements and policy feedbacks actively facilitate the organisation and empowerment of certain groups while actively disarticulating and marginalising others. â€Å"Manipulated by utility-maximising politicians and bur eaucrats, institutions degenerate over time. They come to serve the individual, private interests of officials and any conception of the public interest is lost (Lowndes 1996:188)†. Public officials seek to augment their status and material through increases to budgets under their control, and utility-seeking politicians attempt to maximise votes by promising benefits and service enhancements, which results in waste and over-supply of government goods and services (Niskanen 1973). An alternative to the budget-maximising thesis is provided by bureau-shaping theory which accepts that bureaucrats are self-serving, but denies that they pursue a single course of utility-maximising action (Lowndes 1996). In rational-choice institutionalism, institutional rules are understood as external constraints and incentives structuring the purposeful choices of self-interested rational actors (Scharpf 2000). Thus, when certain actors are in a position to impose rules on others, the employment of power may be self-reinforcing (Pierson 2000). Actors may use political authority to generate changes in both formal institutions and various public policies designed to enhance their power. Skocpol (1992) argues that institutional arrangements affect the capabilities of various groups to achieve self-consciousness, organise, and make alliances. For example, the fragmentation of the state, as well as the organisation of party competition along patronage lines, actively mediated against the development of a unified working class that could then spearhead the movement for comprehensive social policies in the United States. Scharpf (2000) does not agree with this notion, arguing that actor preferences have at least two dimensions individual and organisational self-interest on one hand and normative obligations and aspirations on the other. INSTITUTIONS AND THE â€Å"POLICY NETWORKING† The policy network approach is concerned with the institutionalisation of relations between governmental and non-governmental actors (Lowndes 1996). The concern is with actual institutional practices rather than with formal organisational arrangements. Jordan (1990) refers to an institution as an extra-constitutional policy-making arrangement between industries and clientelistic groups. Lowndes (1996) points to the traditionally fragmented structure of British government and the influential role played by interest groups in policy-making. In such environment, â€Å"policy is made not by a unified government machine but by an assortment of actors, governmental and nongovernmental, linked together in more or less formal and coherent networks (Lowndes 1996:190)†. Furthermore, institutions are embedded in networks of other institutions, and it is difficult to change one institution in a matrix because of this embeddedness. According to Lowndes (1996), policy networks routinise rel ationships, promoting continuity and stability. One example is the EU, where the European Commission has often granted access to, and attempted to institutionalise the participation of interest groups as a way of securing legitimacy for its proposals before presenting them to the Council of Ministers (Gorges 2001). The Commission has attempted to sustain and expand the Community political system by providing information to the social partners, forcing them to re-evaluate their interests and priorities, and supporting the development of a Community/Union system of interest intermediation by providing a forum for conflict resolution. The capacity for effective policy responses is affected not only by the quantity and quality but also by the diversity of policy-relevant information and analysis provided by an institutionalised information infrastructure (Scharpf 2000). Policy coordination in Austria, for example, was greatly facilitated by the fact that the government, the political parties, and the social partners relied on the analyses provided by a single economic research institute. In Germany, by contrast, unions and employers maintain separate research institutes, the federal government supports altogether six such institutes, the federal labor administration and the Bundesbank maintain large in-house research capacities, the independent Council of Economic Advisors relies on its own research staff, and the big commercial banks have their own macroeconomic research departments. The downside of the monopoly model is the risks of groupthink, or the failure to pay attention to observations, interpretations, and recommendations that do not conform to the dominant worldview (Scharpf 2000). This was arguably the case in Britain in the early 1970s, when policy makers in the treasury continued to rely on the Keynesian recommendations derived from the single macroeconomic simulation model, even when the economy had ceased to respond as predicted (Scharpf 2000). However, when the analyses of institutionalised information monopolists do fit the problem, they will facilitate effective problem solving in single-actor systems and effective coordination in multiactor systems. The pluralistic model, by contrast, will provide protection against the institutionalisation of error. CONCLUSION The paper has explored the role of institutions in influencing policy outcomes. Institutional conditions, to the extent that they are able to influence actor choices, are seen as remote causes. Institutions influence policy outcomes by setting norms in decision making. Furthermore, institutional rules affect policy by restricting options, constituting actor constellations, regulating their modes of interaction and by structuring the incentives of the participating actors. Although it is generally accepted that challenges to which policy actors may have to respond are influenced by the institutional setting, the dominant strands of current institutionalist theorising, rational-choice institutionalism and sociological institutionalism, differ in their conceptualisation of these influences. Limitations of institutions, such as the focus on structures and economic efficiency, the focus on stability, political manipulation and policy networking, further influence policy outcomes. BIBLIOGRAPHY Arthur W.B. (1989). â€Å"Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and lock-in by Historical Events†. Economy Journal, Vol. 99. Ashford, D. E. (1977). â€Å"Political Science and Policy Studies: towards a structural solution†. Policy Studies Journal, Iss.5, pp.570-583. DiMaggio, P and Powell, W. (1991). â€Å"Introduction†, in W. Powell and P DiMaggio The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (eds). University of Chicago Press. Gorges, M.J. (2001). â€Å"The New Institutionalism and the Study of the European Union: The case of the social dialogue†. Western European Politics, Vol.24, Iss.4, pp.152. Ikenberry G.J. (1994). â€Å"History’s Heavy Hand: institutions and the politics of the state†. Conference on The New Institutionalism, University of Maryland. Jordan, G. (1990). â€Å"Policy Community Realism versus New Institutionalist Ambiguit†. Political Studies, Vol.38, pp.470-84. Lowndes, V. (1996). â€Å"Varieties of New Institutionalism: A critical appraisal†. Public Administration, Vol.74, pp.181-197. March, J. and Olsen, J. (1984). â€Å"The New Institutionalism: Organizational factors in political life†. The American Political Science Review, Vol.78, No.3, pp.734-749. March, J. and Olsen, J. (1989). â€Å"Rediscovering Institutions: the organizational basis of politics†. Free Press, New York. Niskanen, W. (1973). â€Å"Bureaucracy: Servant or Master?† Institute for Economic Affairs, London. North, D. (1990). â€Å"Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance†. Cambridge University Press. Pierson, P. (2000). â€Å"Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics†. The American Political Science Review, Vol.94, No.2, pp.251-267. Scharpf, F.W. (1989). ‘Decision Rules, Decision Styles and Policy Choices’, Journal of Theoretical Politics,Vol.1, Iss.2, pp.149-176. Scharpf, F.W. (2000). â€Å"Institutions in Comparative Policy Research†. Comparative Political Studies,Vol.33, pp.762-790. Skocpol T. (1979). â€Å"States and Social Revolutions.† Cambridge University Press. Stinchcombe A.L. (1997). â€Å"On the Virtues of the old Institutionalism†. Annu. Rev. Soc. Vol.23 Thelen, K. (1999). â€Å"Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics†. Annual Review of Political Science, Vol.2, pp369-404.

Censorship in Literature and Music Essay -- Censoring Laws Essays

Censorship in Literature and Music What is censorship? An encyclopedia defines censorship as "the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do1." There are many reasons why people censor entertainment such as literature and music. Many governments or groups try to preserve their standards of morality by preventing people from learning about or following other standards2, commonly found in the two previously mentioned mediums. There are different ways to censor things. It can be on a local level, such as libraries refusing to carry a controversial book. It can also be on an entirely larger scale. In the 1770’s, French author Beaumarchais had two of his plays, The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro, banned by King Louis XVI.2 Back then, these plays were considered outrageous and sometimes blasphemous. To fully understand how our system of censorship works today, we have to look into history to see how censorship got started. Johann Gutenberg invented the moveable type printing press and published his first bible sometime around 1450. By 1500, an estimated 20 million books were circulating throughout Europe. The Church's monopoly over the written word was destroyed. Responding to this new technology of freedom, the Church developed a number of control mechanisms. The most obvious, and perhaps famous of these was the Index librorum prohibitum (Index of Prohibited Books). The Index listed hundreds of banned authors and books.3 Less famous than the Index but absolutely central to the rise of censorship, was Church and government use of exclusive printing privileges, which granted favored printers a monopoly right to publish books so long as they were approved by official censors4. In Italy, censorship was primarily a response to the spread of printed Protestant propaganda.5 On October 31, 1517, the Day of all Saints, Martin Luther posted his 95 statements, of theses, to the doors of a church. This was revolutionary, because nobody ever successfully questioned the Church’s authority. Soon after that, others began to follow his example. Eventually, the Church lost power over people’s daily lives. Their local and national government took its place as the authority leader. As the government’s grew, it eventually started monitoring what the public could be exposed to. This included music and books. Eventually, in the 20th c... ... Bibliography Webpage Hunter, Christopher D.. "Copyright and Culture" 03 Dec. 2002 "An Interview with Alex Domokos" Dowse 03 Dec. 2002 http://www.dowse.com/interview-alex-domokos.html Nuzum, Eric. "A Brief History of Banned Music in the United States" 03 Dec. 2002 http://ericnuzum.com/banned/ "Controversial Music: The Beat Goes On" 03 Dec. 2002 http://teenmusic.about.com/library/weekly/aa022301a.htm "The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000" American Library Association. 03 Dec. 2002 http://www.ala.org/bbooks/top100bannedbooks.html Blume, Judy. "Judy Blume Talks about Censorship" 09 Dec. 2002 http://www.judyblume.com/censors.html "Censorship in the Renaissance" 13 Dec. 2002 http://130.238.50.3/ilmh/Ren/bokt-censor.htm "Constitutional Amendments 1-10: The Bill of Rights " 02 Jan. 2003 http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/bill_of_rights/amendments_1-10.html Anne, Rapin. "Beaumarchais" 31 Jan. 2003 Books Marsh, Dave. 50 Ways to Fight Censorship & Important Facts to Know About the Censors. New York, NY: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1991. Encyclopedia "Censorship." The World Book Encyclopedia. 1989 ed.

No End in Sight to Nursing Shortage: Bottleneck at Nursing Schools

The present nursing shortage is a serious issue which poses a real threat to the future of the healthcare system especially on patients.   Research published last year by ANA predicts that the US will have a shortage of 1 million nurses by 2020 (http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/reports/behindrnprojections/4.htm), a bottleneck at US nursing schools caused more than 42 000 qualified applicants to be turned away in 2006-2007 (p.1623).Nursing experts attributed this shortage to five influencing factors.   First, it is mainly due to the simultaneous graying of the nurse workforce or the age or retirement of older nurses. Second, many are leaving the profession due to overworked and some even migrated to other countries in search for high paying ones.Third, the number (especially the younger generations) entering the nursing profession continues to decline as they see the lack of stability and thus tend to choose other careers (American Nurses Association, 2003).   Fourth, US nur sing schools face a growing faculty shortage, schools lack the physical facilities, too few clinical training placements, and limited fund; all of these have not been able to keep pace with the demand. Fifth, while it is easy to blame the government for this shortage due to lack of funding for nursing programs, however, equally important is career burn out.   It can’t be denied that nursing is one among the many jobs that has a stressful work environment.   So, the job itself is responsible for this shortage.Further, CareerJournal.com has surveyed several students who mentioned that the best careers do not include nursing.   Some of the respondents mentioned that the lack of funding and facilities to train new nurses, poor working conditions in hospitals and poor salary scale make the nursing profession not a compensatory career.What makes this issue even worse is that research studies have found the shortage is already having a proven, adverse effect on the ability to deliver quality healthcare in the US.   One important negative effect on patient healthcare is the increased risk of patient deaths as simply there are not enough nurses to safely care for patients.   Another is the increased medical errors arising from many complications because of this shortage.   All of this equates to the inadequacy to meet the future health care needs of Americans.Because of all these, patient’s safety is threatened and health care quality is deteriorating.   This is because nurses are greatly responsible for the majority of patient care, as they perform the vital functions in a patient’s confinement in the hospital and thus providing more face to face services than doctors. But we need to ensure that there are enough registered nurses to meet future demands.What makes this issue even worse is that research studies have found the shortage is already having a proven, adverse effect on the ability to deliver quality healthcare in the US.   One important negative effect on patient healthcare is the increased risk of patient deaths as simply there are not enough nurses to safely care for patients.   Another is the increased medical errors arising from many complications because of this shortage.   All of this equates to the inadequacy to meet the future health care needs of Americans.To address this shortage, solutions must be developed in several areas, such as in education, healthcare deliver systems, policy and regulations, and image. This shortage is not solely nursings` issue and requires a collaborative effort among nursing leaders in practice and education, health care executives, government, and the media. Thus, the American government, nursing agencies, and other concerned groups have taken some steps to alleviate the nursing shortage such as to increase the number of admissions to the American nursing education and improving working environment to retain nurses.On the other hand, they are pushing for budg et changes which they hope to address the lack of funding issue of the nursing program.   Research has shown that quality of workplace environment and job satisfaction is correlated, which impacts on quality of care and patient outcomes.   ANA (2003) urge governments to act swiftly to develop a national health human resource strategy.But there are many barriers to the resolutions as addressing the shortage is really a difficult task.   For one, the government itself lack a substantive commitment to the health of Americans and that these barriers has increased due to the different views between policy making and health human resource planning.   But if this issue has to be resolved, all concerned groups; nurses, hospitals, clinics, and the government should work hand in hand.   Many concerned groups believed that an integrated health human resource strategy that includes the expeditious licensure and acceptance of those who wish to immigrate or who already reside in the dif ferent states of the US is needed to resolve the nursing shortage.Nurses are vital in the health care system, thus the government, nursing associations, employers, educators, and others have collaborated to address the nursing shortage issue. Nursing has been burdened with societal expectations of selflessness and devotion.   Thus, a high ethical and legal standard should be met by all American nurses.The nursing shortage carries with it a lot of implications.   Foremost, this has affected the quality and safety of the entire American health care system as nothing is more critical to the health and well being of Americans than safe, sound, and available health care.   Thus, the governments, professional associations, educators, administrators and employers have accelerated their efforts to reduce the potential threat of this shortage and thus minimize the potential public risk.   Hence, nursing education would flourish and nursing graduates would increase in number. With thi s, nursing graduates will have a positive job outlook as their demand is high. With these efforts, the nursing shortage would come to an end and nurses could provide the Americans with a safe and high quality health care.ReferencesAmerican Medical Association (2007).   No End in Sight to Nursing Shortage:   Bottleneck atNursing Schools a Key Factor.   Vol 298, No. 14. Available:American Nurses Association. (2003). Planning for the Future: Nursing Human ResourceProjections.   Available:   http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic14/tpc14_4.htmNevidjon, B., Erickson, J. (January 31, 2001) The Nursing Shortage: Solutions for the Shortand Long Term Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. #6, No. #1, Manuscript 4.Available: http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic14/tpc14_4.htm

Calleeta Corporation Essays

Calleeta Corporation Essays Calleeta Corporation Essay Calleeta Corporation Essay The Calleeta Corporation May 15, 2011 HRM 520 Identify three key business issues facing Jan, Calletta’s CEO. As Calletta’s CEO, Jan is facing a number of problems such as: lack of support from board members/investors, increasing employee costs, and protests against Calletta’s offshore facilities due to the growing concern of working conditions. Jan key issue on hand is the lack of support from board members and investors. Board Members and investors right now are not supporting Jan or her proposal due to a poor return on investments. Board Members are concerned about the rapid increase of employee cost the company is incurring. Calletta is incurring a 12% cost increase annually compared to an industry average rate of just 4% in the U. S. It seems that until Jan is able to reduce employee cost along with increasing the company’s revenue and return on investments she will continue to lack the support needed for her future plans for Calleeta. Another key business issue Jan is facing at Calletta is the rapid increase in employee cost. Board Members are furious that Calletta is paying a well higher annual rate of 12% versus the industry average 4% that their competitors are paying. Board Members are demanding that Jan seek ways to decrease employee cost before approving any future plans. As a result Jan is forced to choose between HR Vice-President John Nosmas practices or the board who affects her maneuvering power for future plans. John Nosmas defends his practice of paying higher wages along with providing expensive benefit programs because he believe in hiring the best employees and believes that his practice also keep employees along with products innovated. This key business issue kind of puts Jan in a hard place because both parties play a vital role in her success as CEO. Finally, as CEO Jan is faced with the growing concerns over working conditions in their foreign facilities which are being targeted by activists on behalf of humane working conditions. This issue not only affects Calletta from a publicity stand point but from a production standpoint also. If this concern is not contained Calleta can be labeled as an inhumane place to work and may lose investors resulting in a loss of business and profit. Another concern this issue presents is eventually it could affect production due to the protesting by activists. If activists intervene in the daily operation of Calleta such as blocking supplies from coming in, it could affect production and in return revenue causing an uproar with investors in which Calleta don’t need. Therefore, it is critical that Jan resolves this issue before it before it becomes detrimental to the organization. Discuss the ways that Calleta’s HR operations are contributing to the company’s success. Calleta’s HR department is the backbone of the company’s success. Due to HR Vice-President John Nosmas and Jan’s human capital talent acquisition and retention plan Calleta was able obtained the most highly skilled individuals in their industry giving the organization a competitive advantage. John and Jan’s plan focused on matching the company’s core competences to recruits that possess the skills within Calleta’s strategy. John and Jan believed that their strong recruiting and retaining plan would give the organization a competitive edge along with innovating the company’s products. Without a strong recruiting and retention plan a company will constantly incur a high turnover rate along with inconsistency with the quality of their products. â€Å"A company that implements an effective recruitment process is likely to gain competitive advantage in the marketplace, improve returns, and achieve economies of scale. This is possible only through the recruitment of quality candidates in to the organizational workforce (Sangeetha, K, 2010)†. Therefore, Calleta’s HR operations are key to the company’s success because it thrive to find the right people to fuel the company’s products. Identify three changes that can be made at Calleta to meet the Board of Directors demands. After reading the case study it seems that the Board of Directors main demands and concerns are with the rapid increase in employee cost. Therefore to meet the Board of Directors demands Calleta would have to focus on cutting employee costs in the area of employee benefits. The first area Calleta can cut cost is in employee’s personal benefits. Calleta can cut employee cost by only paying a percentage of employee’s healthcare, dental, and life insurance versus providing these benefits at no cost to the mployee. This approach along should reduce Calleta’s cost tremendously considering the increasing cost of healthcare. This method would not hurt Calleta recruiting shceme because it’s a method most U. S. companies are adopting. According the Los Angeles Times, â€Å"in 2010 nearly a third of employers reported that they either reduced the scope of benefits they are of fering this year or increased the amount that workers must pay out of pocket for their medical care†. This approach will share the liability of cost with employees instead of Calleta taking on the full incurred cost. By sharing the cost for healthcare and insurance benefits Calleta will be able to cut employee cost drastically. Another change that Calleta can make to meet the Board of Directors demand is reducing the 401k match from 10% to 5%. Calleta currently offers a very generous 401k plan that exceeds most competitors’ plans within the industry. With the current 401k plan Calleta is losing a massive amount of money in matching employee’s contributions. Calleta is basically giving money away on top of all the other great benefits they offer. Even with reducing Calleta’s contribution amount this still leaves Calleata in a competitive position in terms of recruiting due to their other generous benefits. By reducing their 401K plan matching scheme from 10% to 5% this will reduce the amount of money Calleta was previously spending on 401K matching by half making the Board of Directors incredibly happy. Another change Calleta can make to meet the Board of Directors demands is by reducing some of their paid programs such as pet boarding. If Calleta eliminates this program as a whole they can save on paid wages, benefits, and vacation earned by employees. Programs such as pet boarding are offered outside the workplace and are considered luxury services. This type of service should not be at the cost of Calleta unless they have the revenue to support it. However, in Calleta’s case they do not have revenue to support this luxury service to employees. By eliminating this program is it helps provides some relief to the drastic increase in employee cost. Discuss how a balanced scorecard can help the CEO explain the value of her HR talent management approach. A balanced scorecard can help the CEO explain the value of her HR talent management approach by measuring the visions and goals of her approach against the various categories of the balanced scorecard to show how they performed. For instance, since Jan’s talent management approach focuses on innovation she could measure the performance of her approach against the learning and growth component to show how her approach faired against the metrics in place. In the learning and growth component metrics are generally setup to guide managers in ensuring employees receive training/mentoring to promote employee development and growth. Jan can use the results of a balanced scorecard to persuade Board Members into embracing her approach. Jan can use a balanced scorecard to show how the additional training given to employees has increased motivation and productivity to reduce product time-to-market. By illustrating how her talent management approach has increased production and morale Jan is able to defend her approach and show the value of her approach to Board Members. As a result of being able to demonstrate how her approach has benefited the company Board Members will more than likely embrace Jan’s approach because of the positive results. Identify three sample measurements in each of the four balanced scorecard categories that would support the CEO’s presentation to the Board of Directors. Three sample measurements in the learning and growth category that would support the CEO’s presentation to the Board of Directors would be: competency development expense per employee (cost control), number of employees with development plans (cost control), and number of special projects for employee development (value creation). Three sample measurements in the financial category that would support the CEO’s presentation to the Board of Directors would be: HR recruitment expense/ RD hires (cost control), HR training expense/ $ of sales revenue (value creation), and HR departmental expense/$ of sales revenue (cost control). Finally, for the customer category three sample measurements in the learning and growth category that would support the CEO’s presentation to the Board of Directors would be: number of delivers on-time, numbers of customers satisfied, and rating of quality of service. References Sangeetha, K. K. (2010). Effective Recruitment: Strategy, 7 (1/2), 93-107. Retrieve from EBSCC on May 9, 2011. Leavy, N. N. (2010). U. S. employers push increase in cost of healthcare onto workers. Retrieved from http://articles. latimes. com/2010/sep/02/business/la-fi-healthcare-costs-20100903

Factors that Cause International Migration Flows

Factors that Cause International Migration Flows Migration is the movement of people from one region to another in search of better social and economic services. It involves the crossing of administrative or political boundaries. Migration mainly results from social and economic developments in a certain region. International migration involves the crossing of international frontiers separating different states. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factors that Cause International Migration Flows specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, international migration occurs at the international level. People move from their original home countries or states to other states for various social, political, economic, and economic reasons. The objective of the essay is to explore the major factors that cause international migration flows. Different factors such as economic pressures, social networks and connections between migrant sending and receiving countries, immigran t admissions and immigration control policies, and cultural perceptions held by people in developing countries on immigration and First World immigrant receiving countries have been explored. In addition, the most important factors affecting international migration flows are also explained and justified. One of the major causes of international migration flows is economic pressures. Poor economic growth, coupled with low unemployment rate has historically compelled people to migrate from their countries to other countries with well established market economies. For instance, the fall of former USSR led to the migration of its nationals to neighboring countries which had well established markets. Furthermore, countries in the economic transition period experience high rates of international migrations because of the anticipated economic benefits. Countries with closer social networks and connections have always encouraged international migrations as it strengthens international econ omic ties. For example, some developed countries have closer ties and agreements with the less developed countries to encourage migration to foster international relationships. Other countries have also established immigrant admissions and immigration control policies to encourage international migration flows. Most Commonwealth countries have already put in place immigrant admission and immigration control polices. For example, Australia encourages migration of skilled employees from Commonwealth countries to be part of the demanding labour market.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Majority of the people in developing countries and First World immigrant receiving countries have various cultural perceptions as regards the migration. Most people in developing countries perceive that it is their right to migrate to their immediate colonies for better economic and social welfare. In addition, people have the cultural perception that First World immigrant receiving countries are indebted to them. As a result, people in developing nations are willing to move to the developed and First World receiving nations with the perception that they will be get better offers. This perception has encouraged human trafficking and illegal immigrants in the developed nations. Based on the analysis, the most important factor is economic pressures followed by the presence of immigrant admissions and immigration control policies. This is because economic pressures encourage international migration flows in the sense that people move with the hope of getting better economic welfare. In addition, economic pressures have always encouraged people to move to developed states with economic stability. Hundred thousands of people are moving from their home countries in search for better economic conditions like employment. Also, the presence of immigrant admissions and immigr ation control policies has always encouraged international migration flows between the countries under migration treaties or conventions. Consequently, migrants get job opportunities while the receiving nations are able to provide their services to their citizens.

Cooling fan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cooling fan - Research Paper Example This research is being carried out to evaluate and present a process of creating new products to be sold by an enterprise or business to its customers. The process of product design aims at effective and efficient generation of ideas through processes, which lead to new products. The process of product design evaluates and conceptualizes ideas, making them tangible via a systematic approach. The process entails a combination of science, technology, and art to create three dimensional goods. In the recent past, the evolvement of digital tools, facilitate communication between designer, analysis of ideas, and their visualization, thus empowering the dynamism of the process. Educationalist should not confuse product design with industrial design. Industrial design entails the artistic process, whose usability and form associates with craft design in mass production. In the recent past, it is evident that the products are getting complex, as the data turns to be expansive. This is also a challenge facing the engineering industry as a result of the overall growth. Designs suggested by top products designers and engineers have come to lose market share. All in all, teams of engineers are implementing other strategies to cope with the prevailing situations, such as teaming up to make a product design project. The ideas are taking effect, and ides are getting to admirable levels by teams from different environment merging up to design a new product. As designers and engineers claim that they leap cost benefits from globalization of product design, the process will get more complex that before as designers are adopting new design strategies. Among other significant external factors affecting the process of product design are competition, business environment, and technological dynamisms. All in all, some of these factors enhance creativity and innovations as individuals’ engineers will aim at giving the best of their capability. An external factor such as technol ogy is challenging design processes as it requires the designers to keep track with its changes. This aspect calls for keenness and caution in identifying the prevailing demands in the global market (Takashi, 2009). A fan is a crucial simple machine used in different spheres of life, which include homes, vehicles, and machines among others. The general design of a fan entails blades of vanes which act on a fluid. In most cases, he fluid is air; it is at times designed in a housing case or the air. The dictation of such as aspects depends on the functionalities of the fan. The design of the case aims at directing the flow of air to prevent damages. An electric motor powers ordinary fans; for complex fans, solar energy, hydraulic motors, and internal combustion engines suit the purpose. The general design of a fan has never changed since 1890. However, slight changes occur when designing fans to serve various needs (Takashi, 2009). The need of integrated product raised in the beginnin g of the last two decades. This keeps designers awake so as to be up-to-date with the demands of the customers; however, the extent of the dynamism of a product depends on the functionalities of the individual product. Items such as machinery, clothing, and electronics are dynamic because the users want to identify themselves with monopoly and uniqueness. However, the production industry of fans is different as it the structure of the fun is easy, unlike that of other components. From different market research, we can conclude that the market needs of for the fan constricts to its functionalities other